المشاركة رقم:22
الشهادة +CompTIA Network
الفصل 2 : تمديد كبلات الشبكة CHAPTER 2: NETWORK CABLING
_________________________________
فهم كبلات الشبكة
UNDERSTANDING
NWTWORK CABELS
- تستعمل معظم الشبكات LAN شكلا من اشكال
الكبلات كـ :
وسائط لها.
- Most LANs use some form of cable as:
their network medium.
------------------------------------------------------------
- رغم أن:
الوسائط اللاسلكية أصبحت قادرة الآن أكثر من أي وقت مضى.
- Although:
wireless media are more
capable now than ever before.
------------------------------------------------------------
- إلا أن
الكبلات:
موثوقة أكثر وتزود عادة سرعات إرسال أسرع من الوسائط الأخرى.
- cables are:
more reliable and generally provide
faster transmission speeds than other media.
------------------------------------------------------------
- يرتكز انتقاء
نوع كبل للشبكة LAN إلى حد كبير على:
بروتوكول طبقة وصلة البيانات الذي ستستعمله الشبكة LAN.
- Selecting a cable type for a LAN is largely based on:
which data-link layer
protocol the LAN will use.
------------------------------------------------------------
- تزود
بروتوكولات طبقة وصلة البيانات، كالايثرنت والتوكن رينغ:
عدة مواصفات للكبل لكي تختار منها.
- Data-link layer protocols, such as Ethernet and Token Ring,
provide:
several cable specifications
from which to choose.
------------------------------------------------------------
- يعؔرف كل بند
من المواصفات:
نوع الكبل الذي يجب استعماله، درجة الكبل التي يجب استعمالها، والإرشادات الأساسية
لتمديده.
- Each specification identifies:
which type of cable to use,
which grade of cable to use, and the basic guidelines for installing it.
------------------------------------------------------------
- يجب أن يرتكز
اختيارك لنوع الكبل على:
متطلبات بيئتك، طبيعة موقع الشبكة، وبالطبع، ميزانيتك.
- Your choice of cable type should be based on:
the requirements of your
installation, the nature of the network site, and, of course, your budget.
------------------------------------------------------------
طوبولوجيا الكبل Cable Topologies
- كما هو مشروح في الفصل 1، الطوبولوجيا المادية للشبكة
هي:
النمط الذي يربط به الكبل أو الوسائط الأخرى الكمبيوترات والأجهزة الأخرى
ببعضها.
- As explained in Chapter 1, the physical topology of a network
is:
the pattern in which the
cable or other network medium connects the computers and other devices
together.
------------------------------------------------------------
- طوبولوجيا
الشبكة LAN مرتبطة مباشرة بـ :
نوع الكبل الذي ستستعمله.
- A LAN’s topology is directly related to:
the type of cable it uses.
------------------------------------------------------------
- لا يمكنك:
انتقاء نوع معين من الكبلات وتمديده باستعمال أي طوبولوجيا تخطر على بالك.
- You can’t:
select a particular type of
cable and install it using just any topology.
------------------------------------------------------------
- لكن يمكنك:
إنشاء شبكات LAN فردية باستعمال كبل وطوبولوجيا مختلفة لكل شبكة LAN وتوصيلها باستعمال أجهزة كالجسور
والبدالات والموجهات.
- However, you can:
create individual LANs using
a different cable and topology for each LAN and connect them using devices such
as bridges, switches, and routers.
------------------------------------------------------------
- عندما تختار
المكونات التي ستبنب بها شبكة LAN، يجب ان تكون:
الطوبولوجيا احد اهم المعايير لانتقاء نوع الكبل.
- When you choose the components with which to build a LAN, the
topology should be:
one of the most important
criteria for selecting a cable type.
------------------------------------------------------------
- الطوبولوجيات
الرئيسية المقترنة بتشبيك البيانات هي كالتالي:
■ الباص (Bus)
■ النجمة (Star)
■ الحلقة (Ring)
■ المشبك (Mesh)
- The primary topologies associated with data networking are as
follows:
■ Bus
■ Star
■ Ring
■ Mesh
طوبولوجيا الباص Bus Topology
- الشبكة التي تستعمل طوبولوجيا الباص (Bus)
هي:
شبكة تكون الكمبيوترات فيها موصولة بخط واحد، وكل نظام مربوط بالنظام
التالي، كما هو مبين في الشكل 2-1.
- A network that uses the bus topology is:
one in which the computers
are connected in a single line, with each system cabled to the next system, as
shown in Figure 2-1.
------------------------------------------------------------
- كانت
الموصفات الأصلية للايثرنت تقول:
بوجوب استعمال طوبولوجيا الباص مع كبل متحد المحور، وهذا نوع من الشبكات أصبح
نادر الاستعمال هذه الأيام.
- The original Ethernet specification called:
for the use of a bus topology
with coaxial cable, a type of network that is rarely seen today.
------------------------------------------------------------
- تمديد
الكبلات في شبكة باص الايثرنت يمكن ان يأخذ شكلين:
سميك أو رفيع.
- The cabling of an Ethernet bus network can take two forms:
thick or thin.
------------------------------------------------------------
- الايثرنت
السميك (Thick Ethernet):
كبل واحد متحد المحور تكون الكمبيوترات موصولة بالكبل المتحد المحور
باستعمال كبلات فردية اصغر، كما هو مبين على النصف العلوي من الشكل 1-2.
- Thick Ethernet:
networks use a single length
of coaxial cable, and the computers are connected to the coaxial cable using
smaller individual cables, as shown on the top half of Figure2-1.
------------------------------------------------------------
- وتستعمل
شبكات الايثرنت الرفيع (Thin Ethernet):
كبلات متحدة المحور منفصلة ذات نوع أضيق، وكل كبل يمتد من بطاقة الشبكة في
كمبيوتر إلى البطاقة في الكمبيوتر التالي، كما هو مبين في النصف السفلي من الشكل
1-2.
- Thin Ethernet networks use:
separate lengths of a
narrower type of coaxial cable, and each length of cable runs from the network
interface adapter in one computer to the adapter in the next, as shown in the
bottom half of Figure 2-1.
------------------------------------------------------------
- عندما يرسل أي
كمبيوتر في الشبكة الباصية بيانات:
تسافر الإشارات على الكبل في الاتجاهين، فتصل إلى كل الأنظمة الأخرى.
- When any one of the computers on a bus network transmits data:
the signals travel down the
cable in both directions, reaching all the other systems.
------------------------------------------------------------
- تمتلك الشبكة
الباصية طرفين مفتوحين دائما، ويجب:
إنهاؤهما.
- A bus network always has two open ends, which must be:
terminated.
------------------------------------------------------------
- الإنهاء
(termination) هو:
عملية تركيب علبة مقاوم عند كل طرف في الباص لإبطال الإشارات التي تصل إلى
هناك.
- Termination is:
the process of installing a
resistor pack at each end of the bus to negate the signals that arrive there.
------------------------------------------------------------
- من دون مُنهيات:
ستنعكس الإشارات التي تصل إلى نهاية الباص وتسير في الاتجاه المعاكس
وتتداخل مع الإشارات الأحدث التي يجري إرسالها.
- Without terminators:
the signals reaching the end
of the bus would reflect back in the other direction and interfere with the
newer signals being transmitted.
------------------------------------------------------------
- السيئة
الرئيسية لطوبولوجيا الباص هي:
أن تعطل موصل أو منهي واحد أو حصول انقطاع في الكبل سيؤثر على وظائفية
الشبكة بأكملها.
- The main disadvantage of the bus topology is:
that a single faulty
connector, faulty terminator, or break in the cable affects the functionality
of the entire network.
------------------------------------------------------------
- الإشارات
التي لا تستطيع أن تسير أبعد من نقطة ما على الكبل:
تفشل في الوصول إلى كل الكمبيوترات التي تقف ما بعد تلك النقطة .
- Signals that can’t pass beyond a certain point on the cable:
fail to reach all the computers
beyond that point.
------------------------------------------------------------
- بالإضافة إلى
ذلك:
عند تعطل احد المكونات يؤدي إلى تقسيم الشبكة إلى قسمين، سيصبح كل نصف من
الكبل يحتوي على طرف غير مغلقة نهايته. في نصف الشبكة الذي يتلقى الإشارات التي
يرسلها كل كمبيوتر، سيؤدي انعكاس الإشارة الى تشويه البيانات. هذا هو احد الأسباب
الرئيسية التي تجعل الشبكات LAN العصرية لا تستعمل طوبولوجيا الباص.
- In addition:
when a component failure
splits the network into two segments, each half of the cable also has one
unterminated end. On the half of the network that does receive the signals
transmitted by each computer, signal reflection garbles the data. This is one
of the primary reasons that modern LANs do not use the bus topology.
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